What is a Brain Injury?

Functions of the Brain

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The human brain is magnificent and complex. The brain is made up of many parts, each with a specific and important function. It controls our ability to balance, walk, talk, and eat. It coordinates and regulates our breathing, blood circulation, and heart rate. It is responsible for our ability to speak, to process and remember information, make decisions, and feel emotions. Every brain is unique, ever-changing, and extremely sensitive to its environment.

image showing the functions of the brain

The brain is divided into functional sections, called lobes:

Frontal Lobe (shown in orange)
Temporal Lobe (pink)
Parietal Lobe (blue)
Occipital Lobe (green)
Cerebellum (red)
Brain Stem (yellow)

Each lobe has an important and specific function, detailed below.

Frontal Lobes Functions (Orange)

Attention
Concentration
Self-Monitoring
Organization
Expressive Language (Speaking)
Motor Planning & Initiation
Awareness of Abilities
Awareness of Limitations
Personality
Mental Flexibility
Inhibition of Behavior
Emotions
Problem Solving
Planning
Judgment

An injury to the frontal lobes may affect an individual’s ability to control emotions, impulses, and behavior or may cause difficulty recalling events or speaking.

Brain Stem Functions (Yellow)

Breathing
Arousal
Consciousness
Heart Rate
Sleep & Wake Cycles

The brain stem controls the body’s involuntary functions that are essential for survival, such as breathing and heart rate.

Temporal Lobes Functions (Pink)

Memory
Understanding Language (Receptive Language)
Sequencing
Hearing
Organization

An injury to the temporal lobes may lead individuals to demonstrate difficulty with communication or memory.

Parietal Lobes Functions (Blue)

Sense of Touch
Spatial Perception (Depth Perception)
Identification of Sizes, Shapes, Colors
Visual Perception

Individuals who have injured their parietal lobes may have trouble with their five primary senses.

Cerebellum Functions (Red)

Balance & Coordination
Skilled Motor Activity
Visual Perception

An injury to the cerebellum may affect balance, movement, and coordination.

Occipital Lobes Functions (Green)

Vision

An injury to one’s occipital lobes may lead to trouble seeing or perceiving the size and shape of objects.

image highlighting functions of the brain

The functional sections (lobes) of the brain are also categorized by side – the right side and the left side. If you split the brain down the middle into two equally-sized parts, they are not the same and do not carry the same functions. The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body, while the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body. Each side is responsible for different functions, and general patterns of dysfunction may occur depending on the side of the brain sustaining an injury.

The traits of each side are detailed below:

Left Side Traits	Right Side Traits
Analytical Logical Precise Organized Detached Literal Injuries of the left side of the brain can cause: Difficulties understanding language (receptive language) Difficulties in speaking or verbal output (expressive language) Catastrophic reactions (depression, anxiety) Difficulty speaking Impaired logic Sequencing difficulties Decreased control over right-sided body movements	Creative Imaginative Intuitive Conceptual Empathetic Figurative Injuries of the right side of the brain can cause: Visual-spatial impairment Visual memory deficits Left neglect (inattention to the left side of the body) Decreased awareness of deficits Altered creativity and music perception Loss of “the big picture” type of thinking Decreased control over left-sided body movements

Left Side Traits

Right Side Traits

Analytical
Logical
Precise
Organized
Detached
Literal

Injuries of the left side of the brain can cause:

Difficulties understanding language (receptive language)
Difficulties in speaking or verbal output (expressive language)
Catastrophic reactions (depression, anxiety)
Difficulty speaking
Impaired logic
Sequencing difficulties
Decreased control over right-sided body movements

Creative
Imaginative
Intuitive
Conceptual
Empathetic
Figurative

Injuries of the right side of the brain can cause:

Visual-spatial impairment
Visual memory deficits
Left neglect (inattention to the left side of the body)
Decreased awareness of deficits
Altered creativity and music perception
Loss of “the big picture” type of thinking
Decreased control over left-sided body movements

Jane and her husband, Tim, both sustained brain injuries at different points in their lives. They live with the residual effects every day.

Before reaching out to her local brain injury association and finding an ABI support group, Melissa had nowhere to turn for advice.

“Suddenly memories from the day before seemed like they were decades ago,” says Melissa Shuman, who has come to live with the reality of brain injury after her son, Justin, sustained an acquired brain injury (ABI) following an attempt at suicide.

Recollecting on the first few days of her son’s fight to live, Melissa made it clear she felt like she was fighting just as hard.

“I had been rushing to find out all of this information on my own while he was in a coma. It was exhausting, but who else was going to do it? That’s a mother’s job.” In addition to learning information, Melissa became Justin’s primary caretaker. She spent her days coordinating nursing, therapies, feeding, bathing, and everything else in the living room of their home. “I think I scared myself more than anything, and the doctors didn’t have too much hope, so after a while I had to stop and just believe he would get better, and advocate for what would be best for him.”

In the first several months following Justin’s injury, the Shuman family experienced a great deal of change. They did have health insurance, but had difficulty getting many of the services Justin needed covered without a battle. Like so many others in similar positions, Melissa became an expert in fighting with her insurance company and with the agencies providing services to her son. Justin was not a candidate for inpatient rehabilitation because his medical needs required he be sent to Long-term Acute Care (LTAC), which is essentially a step-down from a hospital’s Intensive Care Unit. Instead, Melissa demanded Justin come home, and spent weeks preparing and retrofitting the living room of their home to ensure his ability to live there.

“Bringing Justin home was not an easy quest, and I had no idea where to seek insight on what, how, and when to make the transition,” Melissa explained.

Melissa is enormously appreciative of the online brain injury support group to which she belongs. “It’s an A-B-I group,” she laughs, “Not TBI! TBIs are welcome, but we make sure everyone else is, too. That’s been good for me, to know I’m not alone, and Justin wasn’t alone, and even that my other children are not alone and that someone can relate to what we are going through. A lot of people, actually, relate to what we go through.”

Read Personal Stories

Sarah learns that her injury may be invisible, but she isn't - and that it's OK to put her own needs first.

It started out as an ordinary September day for Sarah Lefferts. As she was walking, she suddenly slipped on wet tile flooring and fell backward, hitting her head on the floor. When she got up, she was upset that she had spilled coffee on her dress, and she had no idea how much her life had changed in that split second.

Over the next several days, her concussion symptoms progressed. At the time of her fall, she had been working full time, attending graduate school, and had the active social life of an average twentysomething. She was not OK with her new normal and was frustrated that the healing wasn’t more immediate.

Sarah, like most of us, didn’t understand the recovery that was ahead of her. She said, “I learned a lot about how it was OK to be broken, and how I needed to communicate that to the people around me so they could understand enough to support me “even when I didn’t understand my injury.”

Her friends and family would go along to her doctors’ appointments and take notes so that she could look back later to remember what they had talked about. Early in her recovery, she used a small notebook so that she could keep her thoughts organized. She made to-do lists for everything, including basic things like taking a shower and making food.

“One of the hardest parts of the recovery wasn’t the physical healing but the social support. It’s a real challenge to figure out how to communicate to your network about what’s wrong and what you need from them. You look fine “you can walk and talk, so it’s harder for them to understand what you’re going through and what you need. Yet it’s critical that you seek support from them,” explains Sarah. It’s challenging to advocate for yourself the way you need to when part of your brain has been damaged, but you need remember to put your own physical and mental health first, even though that isn’t something society teaches us.

Under her neurologist’s care, Sarah went back to grad school in 2014, completed a triathlon in 2015, and graduated with a Master of Arts in 2016. She is now a member of the BIAA Brain Injury Advisory Council and says that the experience changed her life. “The group of people I have met through the BIAA is empowering and supportive. BIAA taught me that I am not alone in brain injury and that every injury is different. It blew me away when I realized how many people suffer from concussions and other brain injury. I feel like my responsibility on the other side of this injury is to help other people understand that this injury is often invisible, but you are not “and it’s OK to always keep striving to heal.”

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